Yugoslawia

Education and training
A) Phoniatrics in the frame of ENT. Training of the basic diagnostic and therapeutic skills (duration-3/48 months). Essentials of objective evaluation, normal and disturbed phonatory patterns.
B) Subspecialty of Phoniatrics, 12 months training for ENT specialists.

Program
- Clinical anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of phonation and articulation.
- Pathology of the larynx.
- Etiology of the voice and speech disorders.
- Diagnostic methods (including videostroboscopy, acoustic analysis etc.).
- Clinics of the voice and speech disorders.
- Medication and non-surgical therapeutic procedures.
- Basic phonosurgical procedures.
- Principles of the voice and speech therapy.
- Therapy of the professional voice users.
- Prevention of the voice and speech disorders.

Examination
Oral examination conducted by the 3 member Board of Examiners, followed by a public presentation of a phoniatric thesis (which is judged by the 3 member Board of Examiners).

C) Postgraduate programs
include M.S. and Ph.D. degree studies in phoniatrics.
Research, main topics
- Normal histology of the vocal fold.
- Histology of the benign vocal fold lesions. Classification.
- Phonosurgical procedures.
- Phonatory patterns. Objective measures.

Associations
None, since 1991.

Outstanding personalities
Dusan Cvejic, Zoran Milutinovic
c.f. Personalities